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12 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interocular Symmetry of Choroidal Parameters in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy with and without Diabetic Macular Edema

by Anna Raciborska, Patryk Sidorczuk, Joanna Konopińska and Diana Anna Dmuchowska

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010176 - 28 Dec 2023

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Abstract

This study focuses on the interocular comparison of choroidal parameters in diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) with and without diabetic macular edema (DME), as well as in patients with unilateral DME (present in only one eye). The aim of this study was to determine the symmetry in order to obtain better insights into the pathophysiology of diabetic choroidopathy. This retrospective single-center cross-sectional study included 170 eyes from 85 patients (61 with DR and 24 controls), divided into subgroups depending on the presence of DME. The patients underwent fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography examination, and the analysis included various choroidal parameters: choroidal thickness, volume, and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI). In terms of the choroidal thickness, one eye of a patient with DR, regardless of the presence, absence, or unilaterality of DME, may be treated as representative for that patient. CVI proved symmetrical for controls and patients with DR without DME. However, there was some asymmetry of CVI in patients with bilateral or unilateral DME. There was no straightforward relationship between choroidopathy and DME. Other mechanisms were also involved in the pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT Angiography – Recent Advances)

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13 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Sex Matters: Differences in the Central Nervous System as Imaged by OCT through the Retina

by Ana Nunes, Pedro Serranho, Pedro Guimarães, João Ferreira, Miguel Castelo-Branco and Rui Bernardes

J. Imaging 2024, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010006 - 25 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Background: Retinal texture has gained momentum as a source of biomarkers of neurodegeneration, as it is sensitive to subtle differences in the central nervous system from texture analysis of the neuroretina. Sex differences in the retina structure, as detected by layer thickness measurements from optical coherence tomography (OCT) data, have been discussed in the literature. However, the effect of sex on retinal interocular differences in healthy adults has been overlooked and remains largely unreported. Methods: We computed mean value fundus images for the neuroretina layers as imaged by OCT of healthy individuals. Texture metrics were obtained from these images to assess whether women and men have the same retina texture characteristics in both eyes. Texture features were tested for group mean differences between the right and left eye. Results: Corrected texture differences exist only in the female group. Conclusions: This work illustrates that the differences between the right and left eyes manifest differently in females and males. This further supports the need for tight control and minute analysis in studies where interocular asymmetry may be used as a disease biomarker, and the potential of texture analysis applied to OCT imaging to spot differences in the retina. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Retinal Image Processing)

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7 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A-Scan Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Comparison of Optic Nerves

by Nicola Rosa, Maddalena De Bernardo, Margherita Di Stasi, Ferdinando Cione and Ilaria Capaldo

J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(20), 6153; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206153 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the interocular optic nerve diameter (ONDs) asymmetry in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) utilizing the A-scan ultrasound technique. Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with IIH were recruited from outpatients referred to the University Eye Unit between June 2014 and December 2021. Patients with optic disc pseudoedema or edema caused by other conditions were excluded. All patients with negative neuroimaging for intracranial space-occupying masses underwent standardized A-scan measurement of the OND in the primary gaze and lateral position (30 degrees test). Results: Mean, median, standard deviation, the minimum and maximum value of the two eyes at 0 degrees and the difference between the left and right thicker and thinner ONDs were measured. The two-tailed paired student t-test between the two eyes was performed using SPSS software. A statistically significant difference (p-value <0.001) between the two eyes, without a side prevalence, was found. Conclusions: Due to the differences between the ONDs of both eyes, we propose to use the mean of the ONDs between the left and right eyes at 0 degrees with the standardized A-scan diagnostic technique for a better follow-up of patients with IIH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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8 pages, 5265 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Extreme Interocular Asymmetry in an Atypical Case of a Hydroxychloroquine-Related Retinopathy

by Gabriel Hallali, Zari Seyed, Anne-Véronique Maillard, Karima Drine, Laurence Lamour, Céline Faure and Isabelle Audo

Medicina 2022, 58(7), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58070967 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Long-term hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy can lead to retinal toxicity. Typically, it is characterized by a bull’s eye maculopathy. More recently, a “pericentral” form of HCQ retinopathy that predominantly affects patients of Asian descent has been described. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case where such an asymmetry between the right and the left eye in the toxicity profile is observed. Case presentation: The patient presented with a 12-year exposure to HCQ at a daily dose of 4.35 mg/kg. She presented an inferior pericentral-only phenotype of HCQ toxicity on the right eye and a perifoveal-only toxicity on the left eye. Modest progression of toxicity was observed on both eyes over the seven years of follow-up, despite drug discontinuation. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first time that two different phenotypes of HCQ-related retinopathy are found in the same patient, challenging our understanding of the pathophysiology of HCQ retinal toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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21 pages, 5625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Pattern and Shape Symmetry of Bilateral Normal Corneas by Scheimpflug Technology

by Francisco Cavas-Martínez, David P. Piñero, Daniel G. Fernández-Pacheco, Jorge Mira, Francisco J. F. Cañavate and Jorge L. Alió

Symmetry 2018, 10(10), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10100453 - 1 Oct 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4371

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess bilateral symmetry in normal fellow eyes by using optical and geometric morphometric parameters. Methods: All participants underwent complete biocular examinations. Scheimpflug tomography data from 66 eyes of 33 patients were registered. The interocular symmetry was based on five patterns: morphogeometric symmetry, axial symmetry at the corneal vertex, angular-spatial symmetry, direct symmetry (equal octants), and enantiomorphism (mirror octants). Results: No statistically significant differences were found between right and left eyes in corneal morphogeometric (p ≥ 0.488) and aberrometric parameters (p ≥ 0.102). Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found in any of the axial symmetry parameters analyzed (p ≥ 0.229), except in the surface rotation angle beta (p = 0.102) and translation coordinates X₀ and Y₀ (p < 0.001) for the anterior corneal surface, and the rotation angle gamma (p < 0.001) for the posterior surface. Similarly, no statistically significant differences were identified for direct symmetry (p ≥ 0.20) and enantiomorphism (p ≥ 0.75), except for some elevation data in the posterior surface (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The level of symmetry of both corneas of a healthy individual is high, with only some level of disparity between fellow corneas in rotation and translation references. Abnormalities in this pattern of interocular asymmetry may be useful as a diagnostic tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Life Sciences)

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