Search Results (817)

The recycling of materials is in line with the policy of a closed-loop economy and is currently an option for managing waste in order to reuse it to create new products. To this end, 3D printing is being used to produce materials not only from pure polymers but also from their composites. Further development in this field seems interesting and necessary, and the use of recycled materials will help to reduce waste and energy consumption. This article deals with the use of degradable waste materials for the production of insulating materials by 3D printing. For the study, samples with different numbers of layers (one and five), composite thickness (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mm) and composition (including colored resins that were transparent, black, gray, and metallized, as well as resins that were colored gray using soybean oil and gray using natural fibers) were made. The role of natural fillers was played by glycerin and biomass ash with a weight ratio of 5%. The finished materials were tested, and the values of the coefficient of thermal resistance and heat transfer were determined. The best thermal properties among the tested materials were distinguished by a five-layer sample made of soybean-oil-based resin with a thickness of 100 mm. This sample’s heat transfer coefficient was: 0.16 W/m²K. As a material for thermal insulation in 3D printing technology, biodegradable components have great potential. Full article

Increasing economic and environmental concerns arising from the extensive exploration and dependence on fossil fuel-based materials have encouraged the search for eco-friendly alternatives. Fibers based on biomass-derived materials have been attracting growing interest. Among other features, the mechanical performance of bio-based fibers needs to be improved to effectively compete with their counterparts and emerge as viable substitutes. This review presents scientific advancements in the development of naturally derived fibers, and strategies for their production with tailored mechanical properties. The potential of natural precursor-based fibers for their conversion into high-performance carbon fibers is also emphasized. Studies reporting the mechanical properties of bio-based fibers developed by wet spinning are identified, analyzed, and discussed. These studies show that cellulose is the most studied material, while Ioncell technology is identified as the most suitable method for producing cellulose-based fibers with the highest tensile strength. Studies have also demonstrated that silk fibroin exhibits tensile strength and elongation at break ranging from 300 to 600 MPa and 30 to 50%. Although several novel processes have been explored, there are still challenges that need to be addressed for bio-based fibers to become feasible options, and to boost their usage across industries. Full article

An optical fiber scale sensor based on the detection principle of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was developed for the rapid, high-sensitivity, real-time evaluation of scale precipitation in geothermal fluids. The optical fiber SPR scale sensor was fabricated by depositing a gold thin film onto the surface of an optical fiber with an exposed core. The optimal gold film thickness of the sensor was determined to be 30 nm, which achieved a refractive index sensitivity of 2140 nm per refractive index unit. A field test was conducted using geothermal brine from the Obama Binary Geothermal Power Plant in Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture. A conventional optical fiber scale sensor and the SPR sensor were simultaneously assessed using raw and pH-adjusted brines. For the SPR sensor, a peak shift of 0.27 nm/min was observed at a response time of 1 min, whereas no change in transmittance was observed for the conventional sensor until 180 min. After the experiments, a scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis was conducted on the sensors, and the findings showed that the deposition of Mg-SiO₂ scale did not significantly differ between the two sensors. The developed SPR sensor achieved faster scale precipitation detection (tens of minutes to hours) than the conventional sensor. Full article

This paper presents the modification results and effects of reinforcing green polyethylene terephthalate matrix composites (bioPET ECOZEN^® T120) with basalt fibers of two different lengths. Five types of composites with two filling levels of 7.5 and 15 wt% of each fiber were produced by injection molding. Basic mechanical and processing properties, microstructure photographs, and reinforcement effects were analyzed and low- and high-cycle fatigue tests were performed. A significant increase in strength and stiffness was observed (especially for short fibers) proportional to the amount of fibers; longer fibers would also increase the deformation capacity of the composite. Furthermore, longer fibers would reduce relaxation processes (creep) but would not increase the dissipation capacity and mechanical energy. Predictability of fatigue effects enables optimal environmentally friendly materials to be designed. Full article

Plant food production generates a lot of by-products (BPs). These BPs are majorly discarded into the environment, polluting it, or into landfills where they just decompose, providing no benefit and taking up storage space, causing financial costs. These plant BPs are biodegradable, but reusing them may provide a better outcome and profit. The vast majority of plant-based food BPs are polysaccharide polymers like gums, lignin, cellulose, and their derivatives. It is possible to utilize plant food production waste, like banana peels, leaves, pseudostems, and inflorescences, to produce bioethanol, single-cell protein, cellulase, citric acid, lactic acid, amylase, cosmetics, fodder additives, fertilizers, biodegradable fibers, sanitary pads, bio-films, pulp and paper, natural fiber-based composites, bio-sorbents, bio-plastic, and bio-electricity in the agro-industry, pharmaceutical, bio-medical, and bio-engineering fields. Moreover, the use of banana BPs seems to be a way of dealing with many issues in underdeveloped countries, providing a clean and ecological solution. The suggested idea might not only reduce the use of plastic but also mitigate waste pollution. Full article

High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtration plays a crucial role in maintaining air quality in critical environments such as lean rooms, hospitals, and nuclear facilities. The point of this study is to look into how well nuclear-grade HEPA filters work and behave by looking at the main ways they catch particles using two modeling methods to figure out how well the filters work overall. This study encompasses particles with diameters ranging from 0.05 to 5.00 µm and a density of 1500 kg/m³. The current study systematically examined key parameters such as particle size, fiber diameter, and filtration velocity, which revealed their significant influence on the HEPA filter efficiency. Notably, the most penetrating particle size (MPPS) is identified within the expected range of 0.1–0.3 µm for both approaches. A critical threshold in fiber diameter is discovered when it exceeds 0.85 µm, resulting in a substantial shift in particle penetration and overall collection efficiency. This study also explored the impact of filtration velocity on filter performance, demonstrating increasing deviations as velocity rises, following a polynomial trend. The current study also rigorously validated the model predictions against experimental data from uranine particle filtration tests, confirming the model’s accuracy and applicability. These findings provide essential insights for optimizing the design and operation of nuclear HEPA filters, emphasizing the necessity of considering the particle size, fiber diameter, and filtration velocity. Both modeling approaches exhibit a negligible 0.04% deviation in the MPPS efficiency, which increases polynomially with the filtration velocity. Importantly, both approaches consistently identified the same MPPS regardless of the filtration velocity. Additionally, the model reinforces the substantial impact of fiber size on filter efficiency. A comprehensive comparison with the experimental data yielded closely aligned results with a maximum deviation of 1.14%. This validation strengthens the model’s ability to elucidate the underlying physical phenomena governing the influence of filtration velocity on efficiency, making it a valuable tool in nuclear HEPA filter research and development. Full article

This study investigates the influence of fiber dimensions on the bridging performance of polyvinyl alcohol fiber-reinforced cementitious composite (PVA-FRCC) through an experimental and analytical program. Bending tests, bridging law calculations, and section analysis are conducted. Bending tests of notched specimens of PVA-FRCC with six different PVA fiber dimensions are performed to determine the load–deflection (LPD) and bending moment–crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) relationships. The fiber volume fraction for all PVA-FRCCs is set to 2%. It is found that the load capacity of PVA-FRCC with a 27 μm diameter fiber is much higher than that of the other fibers, and the load capacity decreases as the fiber diameter increases. The study proposes parameters for the characteristic points of the tri-linear model for the single-fiber pullout model as functions of diameter, bond fracture energy, elastic modulus, cross-sectional area, and perimeter of the fiber. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of PVA-FRCC under different fiber dimensions. Bridging law calculations are conducted to obtain tensile stress–crack width relationships using the developed single-fiber pullout models. The Popovics model for the complete tensile stress–crack width relationship is adopted to obtain a better fit with the bridging law calculation, and then section analysis is conducted. The bridging law calculation results show that the maximum tensile stress decreases as the fiber diameter increases. It is also determined that most of the smaller-diameter fibers ruptured, whereas the larger fiber diameters pulled out from the matrix. The section analysis results show good agreement with the maximum bending moments obtained from the bending test. Full article

As various healthcare technologies such as regenerative medicine, precision medicine, and alternative approaches to animal testing develop, the interest in the use and application of nano- and microfibers is steadily increasing. In this study, the effect of parylene-C coating on electrospun fibers was investigated, and a pattern coating method was developed to expand the potential utilization of parylene-C-coated electrospun fibers. An SEM analysis demonstrated that parylene-C was successfully deposited on the electrospun fibers without any failure such as pinholes or air bubbles. Biocompatibility was investigated through cell tests, which indicated that the coated fibers were non-toxic and supported cell growth well. Tensile tests demonstrated a significant increase in the elastic modulus of the parylene-C-coated fibers, with it nearly quadrupling compared to the original PCL fibers, and the fracture strength almost doubled. At the same time, hydrophobicity was well maintained without any statistically significant changes. In particular, a non-adhesive magnet–metal masking was proposed in order to selectively coat the electrospun fibers with parylene-C with a specific pattern. Furthermore, it was presented that the magnet–metal mask-based coating electrospun nanofibers with parylene-C could be used in the fabrication of hybrid fibers composed of different diameters and materials. Full article

In this study, we took a closer look at the thermal recyclability of CFRP composites used in the manufacture of high-pressure cylinders. Thermal analysis was used to determine the minimum temperature at which stable resin decomposition begins. The aim was to find temperature parameters and retention times with which the pyrolysis process is as economically viable as possible, and the recovered fibers retain optimum mechanical properties. The surface morphology of fibers annealed in both inert and oxidizing atmospheres was examined. In addition, the mechanical strengths under static as well as dynamic conditions of the newly manufactured laminates containing the recovered fibers were investigated. During research, it was found that reusing fibers is very difficult. The recycled carbon fibers were successfully compressed in an epoxy matrix in the form of a pre-impregnated carbon mat with the presence of air. The presence of oxygen during the thermal degradation of the composite severely damaged the surface and structure of the carbon fiber, causing composites made from these fibers to be mechanically weaker by more than 247%. Full article

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a composite concrete material that utilizes textile reinforcement in place of steel reinforcement. In this paper, the efficacy of the partial replacement of steel reinforcement with textile reinforcement as a technique to boost the flexural strength of reinforced concrete (RC) beams was experimentally investigated. To increase the tensile strength of concrete, epoxy-coated carbon textile fabric was used as a reinforcing material alongside steel reinforcement. Beams were cast by partially replacing the steel reinforcement with carbon fabric. Partially replaced carbon fabric-reinforced concrete beams of size 1000 × 100 × 150 mm³ were cast by placing the fabrics in different layers. A four-point bending test was used to test cast beams as simply supported until failure. Then, 120 ohm strain gauges were used to study the stress–strain behavior of the control and TRC beams. Based on this experimental study, it was observed that 50% and 25% of the steel replaced with carbon fabric beams performed better than the conventional beam. ABAQUS software was used for numerical investigation. For the load deflection characteristics, a good agreement was found between the experimental and numerical results. Based on the experimental analysis carried out, a prediction model to determine the ultimate load-carrying capacity of TRC beams was created using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Full article

This study aimed to investigate the nonlinear structural behavior of concrete deep beams internally reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bars and containing a web opening of various sizes and locations within the shear span. Three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation models were developed for large-scale GFRP-reinforced concrete deep beams (300 mm × 1200 mm × 5000 mm) with a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/h) of 1.04. Predictions of the numerical models were validated against published experimental data. A parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of varying the opening size and location on the shear response. Results of the numerical analysis indicated that the strength of the deep beam models with an opening in the middle of the shear span decreased with an increase in either the opening width or height. The rate of the strength reduction caused by increasing the opening height was, however, more significant than that produced by increasing the opening width. Placing a web opening in the compression zone close to the load plate was very detrimental to the beam strength. Conversely, a negligible strength reduction was recorded when the web opening was placed in the tension side above the flexural reinforcement and away from the natural load path. Data of the parametric study were utilized to introduce simplified analytical formulas capable of predicting the shear capacity of GFRP-reinforced concrete deep beams with a web opening in the shear span. Full article

Steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) consists of short, hooked steel fibres that are randomly distributed and oriented within the cementitious matrix. This paper presents a new analytical load-bounding approach that captures the tensile response of misaligned fibres embedded in the matrix. The contribution of fibres in bridging cracks to provide the required stress transfer relies on the orientation of the fibres in the concrete. Bridging fibres aligned with a crack are less effective than those inclined to it. Therefore, understanding the pull-out behaviour of misaligned fibres is a key factor in quantifying and optimising the design of SFRC in structural applications. In the laboratory, a single-oriented fibre embedded in a solid cylinder of concrete was subjected to a pull-out test, where the axis of the tensile force is aligned with the axis of the cylinder. Based on the observed behaviour, this paper presents a new analytical bounding approach to capture the pull-out response of misaligned hooked-end steel fibres embedded in a concrete matrix. The analysis was based on a transversely isotropic failure criterion assumed for the plasticity that occurs in the cold-drawn fibre. Lower and upper bounds to the loading failure were derived from fibre pull-out and fibre fracture, respectively. The division between bounds depended upon the fibre orientation, fibre diameter and the combined strengths of the steel and concrete. Bounding predictions were drawn from ratios between a fibre’s shear strength and its transverse and axial uniaxial strengths, as found from a novel testing proposal. The two bounds were compared with new data and other experimental results published in the literature. The results showed that the region between the bounds captured the failure loads of embedded fibres with effective load-bearing orientations. A critical orientation was observed at maximum strength. The present interpretation of the plasticity occurring within off-axis, hooked-end steel fibres suggests that it is possible to optimise the strength of concrete using this method of reinforcement. Full article

Agrochemicals can now be protected from harsh environments like pH, light, temperature, and more with the help of a drug-loading system. This has allowed the creation of targeted and continuous release functions for pesticides and fertilizers, as well as the precise application, reduction, and efficiency of agrochemicals. All of these benefits have been made possible by the recent advancements in the field of nanomaterials. A simple procedure known as electrospinning can be used to create nanofibers from natural and synthetic polymers. Nanofibers have come to be recognized as one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in different fields. In agriculture, a promising strategy may entail plant protection and growth through the encapsulating of numerous bio-active molecules as pesticides and fertilizers for intelligent administration at the desired places. Owing to their permeability, tiny dimensions, and large surface area, nanofibers can regulate the rate at which agrochemicals are released. This slows down the rate at which the fertilizer dissolves and permits the release of coated fertilizer gradually over time, which is more effectively absorbed by plant roots, as well as the efficiency of pesticides. Thus, modern agriculture requires products and formulations that are more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional agrochemicals. In addition to highlighting the significance and originality of using nanofibers and offering a brief explanation of the electrospinning technology, the review article’s main goal is to provide a thorough summary of the research leading to breakthroughs in the nanoencapsulation of fertilizers and pesticides. Full article

This study aims to investigate the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened by Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) under static and impact loads. A series of RC beams were tested and categorized into four groups, namely, unstrengthened RC beams (B1), RC beams strengthened with a CFRP longitudinal strip in the tension zone (B2), RC beams wrapped with CFRP fabric (B3), and RC beams strengthened with a combination of both CFRP longitudinal strips and wraps (B4). The results show that the average load–displacement capacity of RC beam group (B4) was improved by 84.88% as compared with the unstrengthened beam (B1) under static loads. The dynamic test results demonstrated an increase in the deflection resistance of RC beam group (B4) by −57.89% as compared with unstrengthened RC beam group (B1) under identical drop weights of 1 m. In addition, a collapse failure mode was noticed in the unstrengthened beams, while minor damage was recorded mainly in the case of RC beam group (B4). Furthermore, the numerical analysis conducted using LS-DYNA software (V 971 R6.0.0) proved that the adopted numerical models can efficiently predict the behaviour of RC beams under dynamic loads, with maximum differences reaching up to −12.5% compared with the experimental test results. Full article

Sustainability, safety and service life expansion in the construction sector have gained a lot of scientific and technological interest during the last few decades. In this direction, the synthesis and characterization of smart cementitious composites with tailored properties combining mechanical integrity and self-sensing capabilities have been in the spotlight for quite some time now. The key property for the determination of self-sensing behavior is the electrical resistivity and, more specifically, the determination of reversible changes in the electrical resistivity with applied stress, which is known as piezoresistivity. In this study, the mechanical and piezoresistive properties of mortars reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon micro-fibers (CMFs) are determined. Silica fume and a polymer with polyalkylene glycol graft chains were used as dispersant agents for the incorporation of the CNTs and CMFs into the cement paste. The mechanical properties of the mortar composites were investigated with respect to their flexural and compressive strength. A four-probe method was used for the estimation of their piezoresistive response. The test outcomes revealed that the combination of the dispersant agents along with a low content of CNTs and CMFs by weight of cement (bwoc) results in the production of a stronger mortar with enhanced mechanical performance and durability. More specifically, there was an increase in flexural and compressive strength of up to 38% and 88%, respectively. Moreover, mortar composites loaded with 0.4% CMF bwoc and 0.05% CNTs bwoc revealed a smooth and reversible change in electrical resistivity vs. compression loading—with unloading comprising a strong indication of self-sensing behavior. This work aims to accelerate progress in the field of material development with structural sensing and electrical actuation via providing a deeper insight into the correlation among cementitious composite preparation, admixture dispersion quality, cementitious composite microstructure and mechanical and self-sensing properties. Full article