Lewis Hamilton & Newcastle: Why is Saudi Arabia's involvement in sport controversial?

Britain's seven-time Formula 1 world champion Lewis Hamilton has repeated his call for Saudi Arabia to improve its human rights record on the eve of the country's second ever grand prix.

Premier League club Newcastle were bought last year by a group led by Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund - prompting similar concerns.

The Saudi Public Investment Fund (PIF), which provided 80% of funds for the deal, gave the Premier League "legally binding assurances" that it was run separately from the state.

Many Newcastle fans welcomed the takeover, but critics condemned the deal as "an extremely bitter blow for human rights defenders".

Hamilton says he is not comfortable racing in the country and that it is not the driver's "responsibility" where to race - but that they are "duty bound" to raise awareness.

Here are some of the reasons why Saudi Arabi's involvement in sport has proved controversial.

• UK PM Boris Johnson defends Saudi trip despite human rights record
• Eddie Howe accepts he will be asked questions about club's Saudi Arabian owners
• Lewis Hamilton calls on Saudi Arabia to improve human rights record
• The Sports Desk podcast: Can Newcastle shake off the Saudi stigma?

Use of the death penalty

Saudi Arabia is among the countries carrying out the most executions.

In March it executed 81 men in a single day - more than during the whole of last year. They were convicted of "multiple heinous crimes", including terrorism, kidnapping and rape, state news agency SPA said.

Human rights group Reprieve has said there have been a further 16 executions since then, and 108 in total so far this year.

Rights organisations say many do not receive fair trials in Saudi Arabia, an allegation the government rejects.

Hamilton also referenced the case of Abdullah al-Howaiti, who was arrested in 2017 aged 14 and sentenced to death aged 17. His family have written to Hamilton to ask him to intervene.

Murder of a dissident journalist

Saudi Arabia's international standing was severely damaged by the 2018 killing of Jamal Khashoggi, a US-based Saudi journalist who was a prominent critic of the government.

UN-appointed human rights expert Agnes Callamard said Saudi agents had "used state means to execute Mr Khashoggi" at its Istanbul consulate.

Saudi Arabia's de facto ruler, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, and other senior officials were incriminated. Although the crown prince denied any involvement, his reputation was badly tarnished.

After the kingdom's Public Investment Fund was allowed to buy an 80% stake in Newcastle United, Mr Khashoggi's fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, called the takeover "heart-breaking".

OVERVIEW:

Jailing of women's rights activists

In 2018, Saudi authorities arrested 13 women's rights activists who had led a campaign to lift a ban on women driving.

At least four of the women were allegedly tortured and sexually harassed by interrogators.

In 2020, a terrorism tribunal found the most prominent activist, Loujain al-Hathloul, guilty of crimes against the state.

After the original sentence was upheld at an appeal, Amnesty International's Lynn Maalouf said: "By failing to quash Loujain al-Hathloul's conviction, the Saudi Arabian authorities have clearly demonstrated that they consider peaceful activism a crime."

Crackdown on intellectuals, clerics and reformists

Women's rights activists have not been the only people detained as part of a crackdown against critics in Saudi Arabia, where political parties, trade unions and independent human rights groups are banned.

Dozens of human rights defenders, intellectuals, academics, clerics and reformists have also been arrested since 2017, merely for exercising their right to freedom of expression, according to international human rights organisations.

Many have faced what Amnesty International has said were grossly unfair trials on vague terrorism and cybercrime charges, and received harsh sentences, including the death penalty.

Days before the Newcastle United takeover, a court upheld a 20-year prison sentence handed to Saudi-American aid worker Abdul Rahman al-Sadhan for writing satirical tweets criticising the authorities.

His sister, Areej, said he was "brutally tortured" before his conviction.

The devastating war in Yemen

Saudi Arabia has been heavily criticised for a military campaign in neighbouring Yemen that has caused a humanitarian catastrophe.

A Saudi-led coalition intervened in 2015 after Yemeni rebels seized control of much of the west of the country and forced the president to flee abroad.

More than 100,000 people have reportedly been killed in the fighting.

Tens of thousands are also estimated to have died from indirect causes, such as lack of food, health services and infrastructure. A partial blockade by the coalition has hampered efforts to help the 20 million people in need of humanitarian aid.

UN experts say both sides in the conflict may have committed war crimes, though the coalition has insisted it is abiding by the rules of war.

Just before Friday's Formula 1 practice session - with the weekend's Saudi Arabian Grand Prix due to take place on Sunday, 27 March - Yemen's Houthi rebels claimed responsibility for a missile attack on an oil depot about nine miles from the track in Jeddah, according to the Associated Press.

Punishment of same-sex relations

Although Saudi Arabia has no laws regarding sexual orientation or gender identity, sexual relations outside marriage, including homosexual sex, are strictly prohibited.

Under the country's interpretation of Islamic law, the death penalty is a possible punishment for same-sex sexual conduct.

It is also illegal for men to "behave like women" or to wear women's clothes, and vice versa.

An anti-cybercrime law criminalises online activity that goes against public order and religious morals.

In July 2020, a court sentenced a Yemeni blogger to 10 months in prison and then deportation for posting a video calling for equal rights, including for gay people.